Edit

[EDIT] FILE: test_overrides.py

import inspect
import sys
import os
import tempfile
from io import StringIO
from unittest import mock

import numpy as np
from numpy.testing import (
    assert_, assert_equal, assert_raises, assert_raises_regex)
from numpy.core.overrides import (
    _get_implementing_args, array_function_dispatch,
    verify_matching_signatures)
from numpy.compat import pickle
import pytest

def _return_not_implemented(self, *args, **kwargs):
    return NotImplemented

# need to define this at the top level to test pickling
@array_function_dispatch(lambda array: (array,))
def dispatched_one_arg(array):
    """Docstring."""
    return 'original'

@array_function_dispatch(lambda array1, array2: (array1, array2))
def dispatched_two_arg(array1, array2):
    """Docstring."""
    return 'original'

class TestGetImplementingArgs:

def test_ndarray(self):
        array = np.array(1)

args = _get_implementing_args([array])
        assert_equal(list(args), [array])

args = _get_implementing_args([array, array])
        assert_equal(list(args), [array])

args = _get_implementing_args([array, 1])
        assert_equal(list(args), [array])

args = _get_implementing_args([1, array])
        assert_equal(list(args), [array])

def test_ndarray_subclasses(self):

class OverrideSub(np.ndarray):
            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented

class NoOverrideSub(np.ndarray):
            pass

array = np.array(1).view(np.ndarray)
        override_sub = np.array(1).view(OverrideSub)
        no_override_sub = np.array(1).view(NoOverrideSub)

args = _get_implementing_args([array, override_sub])
        assert_equal(list(args), [override_sub, array])

args = _get_implementing_args([array, no_override_sub])
        assert_equal(list(args), [no_override_sub, array])

args = _get_implementing_args(
            [override_sub, no_override_sub])
        assert_equal(list(args), [override_sub, no_override_sub])

def test_ndarray_and_duck_array(self):

class Other:
            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented

array = np.array(1)
        other = Other()

args = _get_implementing_args([other, array])
        assert_equal(list(args), [other, array])

args = _get_implementing_args([array, other])
        assert_equal(list(args), [array, other])

def test_ndarray_subclass_and_duck_array(self):

class OverrideSub(np.ndarray):
            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented

class Other:
            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented

array = np.array(1)
        subarray = np.array(1).view(OverrideSub)
        other = Other()

assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([array, subarray, other]),
                     [subarray, array, other])
        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([array, other, subarray]),
                     [subarray, array, other])

def test_many_duck_arrays(self):

class A:
            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented

class B(A):
            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented

class C(A):
            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented

class D:
            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented

a = A()
        b = B()
        c = C()
        d = D()

assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([1]), [])
        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([a]), [a])
        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([a, 1]), [a])
        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([a, a, a]), [a])
        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([a, d, a]), [a, d])
        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([a, b]), [b, a])
        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([b, a]), [b, a])
        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([a, b, c]), [b, c, a])
        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([a, c, b]), [c, b, a])

def test_too_many_duck_arrays(self):
        namespace = dict(__array_function__=_return_not_implemented)
        types = [type('A' + str(i), (object,), namespace) for i in range(33)]
        relevant_args = [t() for t in types]

actual = _get_implementing_args(relevant_args[:32])
        assert_equal(actual, relevant_args[:32])

with assert_raises_regex(TypeError, 'distinct argument types'):
            _get_implementing_args(relevant_args)

class TestNDArrayArrayFunction:

def test_method(self):

class Other:
            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented

class NoOverrideSub(np.ndarray):
            pass

class OverrideSub(np.ndarray):
            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented

array = np.array([1])
        other = Other()
        no_override_sub = array.view(NoOverrideSub)
        override_sub = array.view(OverrideSub)

result = array.__array_function__(func=dispatched_two_arg,
                                          types=(np.ndarray,),
                                          args=(array, 1.), kwargs={})
        assert_equal(result, 'original')

result = array.__array_function__(func=dispatched_two_arg,
                                          types=(np.ndarray, Other),
                                          args=(array, other), kwargs={})
        assert_(result is NotImplemented)

result = array.__array_function__(func=dispatched_two_arg,
                                          types=(np.ndarray, NoOverrideSub),
                                          args=(array, no_override_sub),
                                          kwargs={})
        assert_equal(result, 'original')

result = array.__array_function__(func=dispatched_two_arg,
                                          types=(np.ndarray, OverrideSub),
                                          args=(array, override_sub),
                                          kwargs={})
        assert_equal(result, 'original')

with assert_raises_regex(TypeError, 'no implementation found'):
            np.concatenate((array, other))

expected = np.concatenate((array, array))
        result = np.concatenate((array, no_override_sub))
        assert_equal(result, expected.view(NoOverrideSub))
        result = np.concatenate((array, override_sub))
        assert_equal(result, expected.view(OverrideSub))

def test_no_wrapper(self):
        # This shouldn't happen unless a user intentionally calls
        # __array_function__ with invalid arguments, but check that we raise
        # an appropriate error all the same.
        array = np.array(1)
        func = lambda x: x
        with assert_raises_regex(AttributeError, '_implementation'):
            array.__array_function__(func=func, types=(np.ndarray,),
                                     args=(array,), kwargs={})

class TestArrayFunctionDispatch:

def test_pickle(self):
        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
            roundtripped = pickle.loads(
                    pickle.dumps(dispatched_one_arg, protocol=proto))
            assert_(roundtripped is dispatched_one_arg)

def test_name_and_docstring(self):
        assert_equal(dispatched_one_arg.__name__, 'dispatched_one_arg')
        if sys.flags.optimize < 2:
            assert_equal(dispatched_one_arg.__doc__, 'Docstring.')

def test_interface(self):

class MyArray:
            def __array_function__(self, func, types, args, kwargs):
                return (self, func, types, args, kwargs)

original = MyArray()
        (obj, func, types, args, kwargs) = dispatched_one_arg(original)
        assert_(obj is original)
        assert_(func is dispatched_one_arg)
        assert_equal(set(types), {MyArray})
        # assert_equal uses the overloaded np.iscomplexobj() internally
        assert_(args == (original,))
        assert_equal(kwargs, {})

def test_not_implemented(self):

class MyArray:
            def __array_function__(self, func, types, args, kwargs):
                return NotImplemented

array = MyArray()
        with assert_raises_regex(TypeError, 'no implementation found'):
            dispatched_one_arg(array)

def test_where_dispatch(self):

class DuckArray:
            def __array_function__(self, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
                return "overridden"

array = np.array(1)
        duck_array = DuckArray()

result = np.std(array, where=duck_array)

assert_equal(result, "overridden")

class TestVerifyMatchingSignatures:

def test_verify_matching_signatures(self):

verify_matching_signatures(lambda x: 0, lambda x: 0)
        verify_matching_signatures(lambda x=None: 0, lambda x=None: 0)
        verify_matching_signatures(lambda x=1: 0, lambda x=None: 0)

with assert_raises(RuntimeError):
            verify_matching_signatures(lambda a: 0, lambda b: 0)
        with assert_raises(RuntimeError):
            verify_matching_signatures(lambda x: 0, lambda x=None: 0)
        with assert_raises(RuntimeError):
            verify_matching_signatures(lambda x=None: 0, lambda y=None: 0)
        with assert_raises(RuntimeError):
            verify_matching_signatures(lambda x=1: 0, lambda y=1: 0)

def test_array_function_dispatch(self):

with assert_raises(RuntimeError):
            @array_function_dispatch(lambda x: (x,))
            def f(y):
                pass

# should not raise
        @array_function_dispatch(lambda x: (x,), verify=False)
        def f(y):
            pass

def _new_duck_type_and_implements():
    """Create a duck array type and implements functions."""
    HANDLED_FUNCTIONS = {}

class MyArray:
        def __array_function__(self, func, types, args, kwargs):
            if func not in HANDLED_FUNCTIONS:
                return NotImplemented
            if not all(issubclass(t, MyArray) for t in types):
                return NotImplemented
            return HANDLED_FUNCTIONS[func](*args, **kwargs)

def implements(numpy_function):
        """Register an __array_function__ implementations."""
        def decorator(func):
            HANDLED_FUNCTIONS[numpy_function] = func
            return func
        return decorator

return (MyArray, implements)

class TestArrayFunctionImplementation:

def test_one_arg(self):
        MyArray, implements = _new_duck_type_and_implements()

@implements(dispatched_one_arg)
        def _(array):
            return 'myarray'

assert_equal(dispatched_one_arg(1), 'original')
        assert_equal(dispatched_one_arg(MyArray()), 'myarray')

def test_optional_args(self):
        MyArray, implements = _new_duck_type_and_implements()

@array_function_dispatch(lambda array, option=None: (array,))
        def func_with_option(array, option='default'):
            return option

@implements(func_with_option)
        def my_array_func_with_option(array, new_option='myarray'):
            return new_option

# we don't need to implement every option on __array_function__
        # implementations
        assert_equal(func_with_option(1), 'default')
        assert_equal(func_with_option(1, option='extra'), 'extra')
        assert_equal(func_with_option(MyArray()), 'myarray')
        with assert_raises(TypeError):
            func_with_option(MyArray(), option='extra')

# but new options on implementations can't be used
        result = my_array_func_with_option(MyArray(), new_option='yes')
        assert_equal(result, 'yes')
        with assert_raises(TypeError):
            func_with_option(MyArray(), new_option='no')

def test_not_implemented(self):
        MyArray, implements = _new_duck_type_and_implements()

@array_function_dispatch(lambda array: (array,), module='my')
        def func(array):
            return array

array = np.array(1)
        assert_(func(array) is array)
        assert_equal(func.__module__, 'my')

with assert_raises_regex(
                TypeError, "no implementation found for 'my.func'"):
            func(MyArray())

@pytest.mark.parametrize("name", ["concatenate", "mean", "asarray"])
    def test_signature_error_message_simple(self, name):
        func = getattr(np, name)
        try:
            # all of these functions need an argument:
            func()
        except TypeError as e:
            exc = e

assert exc.args[0].startswith(f"{name}()")

def test_signature_error_message(self):
        # The lambda function will be named "<lambda>", but the TypeError
        # should show the name as "func"
        def _dispatcher():
            return ()

@array_function_dispatch(_dispatcher)
        def func():
            pass

try:
            func._implementation(bad_arg=3)
        except TypeError as e:
            expected_exception = e

try:
            func(bad_arg=3)
            raise AssertionError("must fail")
        except TypeError as exc:
            if exc.args[0].startswith("_dispatcher"):
                # We replace the qualname currently, but it used `__name__`
                # (relevant functions have the same name and qualname anyway)
                pytest.skip("Python version is not using __qualname__ for "
                            "TypeError formatting.")

assert exc.args == expected_exception.args

@pytest.mark.parametrize("value", [234, "this func is not replaced"])
    def test_dispatcher_error(self, value):
        # If the dispatcher raises an error, we must not attempt to mutate it
        error = TypeError(value)

def dispatcher():
            raise error

@array_function_dispatch(dispatcher)
        def func():
            return 3

try:
            func()
            raise AssertionError("must fail")
        except TypeError as exc:
            assert exc is error  # unmodified exception

def test_properties(self):
        # Check that str and repr are sensible
        func = dispatched_two_arg
        assert str(func) == str(func._implementation)
        repr_no_id = repr(func).split("at ")[0]
        repr_no_id_impl = repr(func._implementation).split("at ")[0]
        assert repr_no_id == repr_no_id_impl

@pytest.mark.parametrize("func", [
            lambda x, y: 0,  # no like argument
            lambda like=None: 0,  # not keyword only
            lambda *, like=None, a=3: 0,  # not last (not that it matters)
        ])
    def test_bad_like_sig(self, func):
        # We sanity check the signature, and these should fail.
        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
            array_function_dispatch()(func)

def test_bad_like_passing(self):
        # Cover internal sanity check for passing like as first positional arg
        def func(*, like=None):
            pass

func_with_like = array_function_dispatch()(func)
        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
            func_with_like()
        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
            func_with_like(like=234)

def test_too_many_args(self):
        # Mainly a unit-test to increase coverage
        objs = []
        for i in range(40):
            class MyArr:
                def __array_function__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                    return NotImplemented

objs.append(MyArr())

def _dispatch(*args):
            return args

@array_function_dispatch(_dispatch)
        def func(*args):
            pass

with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="maximum number"):
            func(*objs)

class TestNDArrayMethods:

def test_repr(self):
        # gh-12162: should still be defined even if __array_function__ doesn't
        # implement np.array_repr()

class MyArray(np.ndarray):
            def __array_function__(*args, **kwargs):
                return NotImplemented

array = np.array(1).view(MyArray)
        assert_equal(repr(array), 'MyArray(1)')
        assert_equal(str(array), '1')

class TestNumPyFunctions:

def test_set_module(self):
        assert_equal(np.sum.__module__, 'numpy')
        assert_equal(np.char.equal.__module__, 'numpy.char')
        assert_equal(np.fft.fft.__module__, 'numpy.fft')
        assert_equal(np.linalg.solve.__module__, 'numpy.linalg')

def test_inspect_sum(self):
        signature = inspect.signature(np.sum)
        assert_('axis' in signature.parameters)

def test_override_sum(self):
        MyArray, implements = _new_duck_type_and_implements()

@implements(np.sum)
        def _(array):
            return 'yes'

assert_equal(np.sum(MyArray()), 'yes')

def test_sum_on_mock_array(self):

# We need a proxy for mocks because __array_function__ is only looked
        # up in the class dict
        class ArrayProxy:
            def __init__(self, value):
                self.value = value
            def __array_function__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                return self.value.__array_function__(*args, **kwargs)
            def __array__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                return self.value.__array__(*args, **kwargs)

proxy = ArrayProxy(mock.Mock(spec=ArrayProxy))
        proxy.value.__array_function__.return_value = 1
        result = np.sum(proxy)
        assert_equal(result, 1)
        proxy.value.__array_function__.assert_called_once_with(
            np.sum, (ArrayProxy,), (proxy,), {})
        proxy.value.__array__.assert_not_called()

def test_sum_forwarding_implementation(self):

class MyArray(np.ndarray):

def sum(self, axis, out):
                return 'summed'

def __array_function__(self, func, types, args, kwargs):
                return super().__array_function__(func, types, args, kwargs)

# note: the internal implementation of np.sum() calls the .sum() method
        array = np.array(1).view(MyArray)
        assert_equal(np.sum(array), 'summed')

class TestArrayLike:
    def setup_method(self):
        class MyArray():
            def __init__(self, function=None):
                self.function = function

def __array_function__(self, func, types, args, kwargs):
                assert func is getattr(np, func.__name__)
                try:
                    my_func = getattr(self, func.__name__)
                except AttributeError:
                    return NotImplemented
                return my_func(*args, **kwargs)

self.MyArray = MyArray

class MyNoArrayFunctionArray():
            def __init__(self, function=None):
                self.function = function

self.MyNoArrayFunctionArray = MyNoArrayFunctionArray

def add_method(self, name, arr_class, enable_value_error=False):
        def _definition(*args, **kwargs):
            # Check that `like=` isn't propagated downstream
            assert 'like' not in kwargs

if enable_value_error and 'value_error' in kwargs:
                raise ValueError

return arr_class(getattr(arr_class, name))
        setattr(arr_class, name, _definition)

def func_args(*args, **kwargs):
        return args, kwargs

def test_array_like_not_implemented(self):
        self.add_method('array', self.MyArray)

ref = self.MyArray.array()

with assert_raises_regex(TypeError, 'no implementation found'):
            array_like = np.asarray(1, like=ref)

_array_tests = [
        ('array', *func_args((1,))),
        ('asarray', *func_args((1,))),
        ('asanyarray', *func_args((1,))),
        ('ascontiguousarray', *func_args((2, 3))),
        ('asfortranarray', *func_args((2, 3))),
        ('require', *func_args((np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3),),
                               requirements=['A', 'F'])),
        ('empty', *func_args((1,))),
        ('full', *func_args((1,), 2)),
        ('ones', *func_args((1,))),
        ('zeros', *func_args((1,))),
        ('arange', *func_args(3)),
        ('frombuffer', *func_args(b'\x00' * 8, dtype=int)),
        ('fromiter', *func_args(range(3), dtype=int)),
        ('fromstring', *func_args('1,2', dtype=int, sep=',')),
        ('loadtxt', *func_args(lambda: StringIO('0 1\n2 3'))),
        ('genfromtxt', *func_args(lambda: StringIO('1,2.1'),
                                  dtype=[('int', 'i8'), ('float', 'f8')],
                                  delimiter=',')),
    ]

@pytest.mark.parametrize('function, args, kwargs', _array_tests)
    @pytest.mark.parametrize('numpy_ref', [True, False])
    def test_array_like(self, function, args, kwargs, numpy_ref):
        self.add_method('array', self.MyArray)
        self.add_method(function, self.MyArray)
        np_func = getattr(np, function)
        my_func = getattr(self.MyArray, function)

if numpy_ref is True:
            ref = np.array(1)
        else:
            ref = self.MyArray.array()

like_args = tuple(a() if callable(a) else a for a in args)
        array_like = np_func(*like_args, **kwargs, like=ref)

if numpy_ref is True:
            assert type(array_like) is np.ndarray

np_args = tuple(a() if callable(a) else a for a in args)
            np_arr = np_func(*np_args, **kwargs)

# Special-case np.empty to ensure values match
            if function == "empty":
                np_arr.fill(1)
                array_like.fill(1)

assert_equal(array_like, np_arr)
        else:
            assert type(array_like) is self.MyArray
            assert array_like.function is my_func

@pytest.mark.parametrize('function, args, kwargs', _array_tests)
    @pytest.mark.parametrize('ref', [1, [1], "MyNoArrayFunctionArray"])
    def test_no_array_function_like(self, function, args, kwargs, ref):
        self.add_method('array', self.MyNoArrayFunctionArray)
        self.add_method(function, self.MyNoArrayFunctionArray)
        np_func = getattr(np, function)

# Instantiate ref if it's the MyNoArrayFunctionArray class
        if ref == "MyNoArrayFunctionArray":
            ref = self.MyNoArrayFunctionArray.array()

like_args = tuple(a() if callable(a) else a for a in args)

with assert_raises_regex(TypeError,
                'The `like` argument must be an array-like that implements'):
            np_func(*like_args, **kwargs, like=ref)

@pytest.mark.parametrize('numpy_ref', [True, False])
    def test_array_like_fromfile(self, numpy_ref):
        self.add_method('array', self.MyArray)
        self.add_method("fromfile", self.MyArray)

if numpy_ref is True:
            ref = np.array(1)
        else:
            ref = self.MyArray.array()

data = np.random.random(5)

with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
            fname = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testfile")
            data.tofile(fname)

array_like = np.fromfile(fname, like=ref)
            if numpy_ref is True:
                assert type(array_like) is np.ndarray
                np_res = np.fromfile(fname, like=ref)
                assert_equal(np_res, data)
                assert_equal(array_like, np_res)
            else:
                assert type(array_like) is self.MyArray
                assert array_like.function is self.MyArray.fromfile

def test_exception_handling(self):
        self.add_method('array', self.MyArray, enable_value_error=True)

ref = self.MyArray.array()

with assert_raises(TypeError):
            # Raises the error about `value_error` being invalid first
            np.array(1, value_error=True, like=ref)

@pytest.mark.parametrize('function, args, kwargs', _array_tests)
    def test_like_as_none(self, function, args, kwargs):
        self.add_method('array', self.MyArray)
        self.add_method(function, self.MyArray)
        np_func = getattr(np, function)

like_args = tuple(a() if callable(a) else a for a in args)
        # required for loadtxt and genfromtxt to init w/o error.
        like_args_exp = tuple(a() if callable(a) else a for a in args)

array_like = np_func(*like_args, **kwargs, like=None)
        expected = np_func(*like_args_exp, **kwargs)
        # Special-case np.empty to ensure values match
        if function == "empty":
            array_like.fill(1)
            expected.fill(1)
        assert_equal(array_like, expected)

def test_function_like():
    # We provide a `__get__` implementation, make sure it works
    assert type(np.mean) is np.core._multiarray_umath._ArrayFunctionDispatcher

class MyClass:
        def __array__(self):
            # valid argument to mean:
            return np.arange(3)

func1 = staticmethod(np.mean)
        func2 = np.mean
        func3 = classmethod(np.mean)

m = MyClass()
    assert m.func1([10]) == 10
    assert m.func2() == 1  # mean of the arange
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="unsupported operand type"):
        # Tries to operate on the class
        m.func3()

# Manual binding also works (the above may shortcut):
    bound = np.mean.__get__(m, MyClass)
    assert bound() == 1

bound = np.mean.__get__(None, MyClass)  # unbound actually
    assert bound([10]) == 10

bound = np.mean.__get__(MyClass)  # classmethod
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="unsupported operand type"):
        bound()

def test_scipy_trapz_support_shim():
    # SciPy 1.10 and earlier "clone" trapz in this way, so we have a
    # support shim in place: https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues/17811
    # That should be removed eventually.  This test copies what SciPy does.
    # Hopefully removable 1 year after SciPy 1.11; shim added to NumPy 1.25.
    import types
    import functools

def _copy_func(f):
        # Based on http://stackoverflow.com/a/6528148/190597 (Glenn Maynard)
        g = types.FunctionType(f.__code__, f.__globals__, name=f.__name__,
                            argdefs=f.__defaults__, closure=f.__closure__)
        g = functools.update_wrapper(g, f)
        g.__kwdefaults__ = f.__kwdefaults__
        return g

trapezoid = _copy_func(np.trapz)

assert np.trapz([1, 2]) == trapezoid([1, 2])

CANCEL